ISLAM

Islam (Arabic: الإسلام; al-'islām (help·info)) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a seventh century Arab religious and political figure. The word Islam means "submission", or the total surrender of oneself to God (Arabic: الله, Allāh).[1] An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim, meaning "one who submits (to God)".[2][3] There are between 1 billion to 1.8 billion Muslims, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world after Christianity.[4]

Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, God's final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the Sunnah (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam.[5] They do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Islamic tradition holds that Jews and Christians distorted the revelations God gave to these prophets by either altering the text, introducing a false interpretation, or both.[6]

Islam includes many religious practices. Adherents are generally required to observe the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five duties that unite Muslims into a community.[7] In addition to the Five Pillars, Islamic law (sharia) has developed a tradition of rulings that touch on virtually all aspects of life and society. This tradition encompasses everything from practical matters like dietary laws and banking to warfare.[8]

Almost all Muslims belong to one of two major denominations, the Sunni (85%) and Shi'a (15%). The schism developed in the late 7th century following disagreements over the religious and political leadership of the Muslim community. Islam is the predominant religion throughout the Middle East, as well as in parts of Africa and Asia. Large communities are also found in China, the Balkan Peninsula in Eastern Europe and Russia. There are also large Muslim immigrant communities in other parts of the world such as Western Europe. About 20% of Muslims live in Arab countries,[9] 30% in the Indian subcontinent and 15.6% in Indonesia, the largest Muslim country by population[10]

GOD

Islam's fundamental theological concept is tawhīd—the belief that there is only one god. The Arabic term for God is Allāh; most scholars believe it was derived from a contraction of the words al- (the) and ʾilāh (deity, masculine form), meaning "the god" (al-ilāh), but others trace its origin to the Aramaic Alāhā.[22] The first of the Five Pillars of Islam, tawhīd is expressed in the shahadah (testification), which declares that there is no god but God, and that Muhammad is God's messenger. In traditional Islamic theology, God is beyond all comprehension; Muslims are not expected to visualize God but to worship and adore him as a protector. Although Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet, they reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, comparing it to polytheism. In Islamic theology, Jesus was just a man and not the son of God;[23] God is described in a chapter (sura) of the Qur'an as "…God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him."[24]

Quran

Qur'an
Main articles: Islamic holy books and Qur'an
See also: Origin and development of the Qur'an

The first sura in a Qur'anic manuscript by Hattat Aziz EfendiMuslims consider the Qur'an to be the literal word of God; it is the central religious text of Islam.[25] Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad by God through the angel Gabriel on many occasions between 610 and his death on July 6, 632. The Qur'an was written down by Muhammad's companions (sahabah) while he was alive, although the prime method of transmission was orally. It was compiled in the time of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, and was standardized in the time of Uthman, the third caliph. The Qur'an in its actual form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants in Western academia has not yielded any differences of great significance and that historically controversy over the content of the Qur'an has never become a main point. [26]

The Qur'an is divided into 114 suras, or chapters, which combined, contain 6,236 āyāt, or verses. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community.[27] The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the "sourcebook of Islamic principles and values".[28] Muslim jurists consult the hadith, or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir.[29]

The word Qur'an means "recitation". When Muslims speak in the abstract about "the Qur'an", they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or "interpretations of its meaning", not as the Qur'an itself.[30]

Today's featured article

The Third of May 1808 is a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish master Francisco Goya, now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. Along with its companion piece of the same size, The Second of May 1808 (or The Charge of the Mamelukes), it was commissioned by the provisional government of Spain at Goya's suggestion. Goya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies during the occupation of 1808. The painting's content, presentation, and emotional force secure its status as a groundbreaking, archetypal image of the horrors of war. Although it draws on many sources in high and popular art, The Third of May 1808 marks a clear break from convention. Diverging from the traditions of Christian art and traditional depictions of war, it has no distinct precedent, and is acknowledged as one of the first paintings of the modern era. According to the art historian Kenneth Clark, The Third of May 1808 is "the first great picture which can be called revolutionary in every sense of the word, in style, in subject, and in intention". The Third of May 1808 has inspired a number of other major paintings, including a series by Édouard Manet, and Pablo Picasso's Massacre in Korea and his masterpiece Guernica. (more...)
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Today Higlights

Spotlight: "This instrument surrounds hate and forces it to surrender," reads the inscription on Pete Seeger's banjo. Seeger, who turns 89 today, has been using his music to bring equality, reason and peace to the world for some 70 years. An ardent environmentalist and political activist, he has received awards over the past dozen years for some of the same things that got him blacklisted in the '50s. He lives with his wife in a house they built many years ago, in the Hudson Valley Region of New York. Concerned about the growing pollution of the Hudson River, he formed Hudson River Sloop Clearwater in 1966; the sloop Clearwater regularly sails down the Hudson, as it hosts education programs about water pollution and teaches ways to clean the river.

Quote: "The difference between education and experience? Education is when you read the fine print; experience is what you get when you don't." — Pete Seeger


See previous spotlights: David Beckham, Amtrak, Bugs Bunny

Pemrograman Web

Materi 3. Web Style
Posted on May 3rd, 2008 by adri
Pada materi 3 ini kita akan mebahas tentang web style, yang melandasi konsep perancangan arsitektur web. Pada web style ini akan dibicarakan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan Development process yang berhubungan dengan : Web Page Design, Interface Design, Site Design, dan Web Grafis.
Pada materi Interface Design, akan kita bahas, konsep dasar dalam interface design, sedangkan dalam Site Design, akan dibahas konsep dasar pengorganisasian informasi, struktur web, serta contoh aplikasinya.Pada Page Design, dibicarakan tentang konsep dasar percangan halaman, visual hirarki, dimensi halaman dan sebagainya.
Selengkapnya silahkan download di sini : Materi 3. Web Style

Pemrograman komputer

Pemrograman adalah proses menulis, menguji dan memperbaiki (debug), dan memelihara kode yang membangun sebuah program komputer. Kode ini ditulis dalam berbagai bahasa pemrograman. Tujuan dari pemrograman adalah untuk memuat suatu program yang dapat melakukan suatu perhitungan atau 'pekerjaan' sesuai dengan keinginan si pemrogram. Untuk dapat melakukan pemrograman, diperlukan keterampilan dalam algoritma, logika, bahasa pemrograman, dan di banyak kasus, pengetahuan-pengetahuan lain seperti matematika.
Pemrograman adalah sebuah seni dalam menggunakan satu atau lebih algoritma yang saling berhubungan dengan menggunakan sebuah bahasa pemrograman tertentu sehingga menjadi sebuah program komputer. Bahasa pemrograman yang berbeda mendukung gaya pemrograman yang berbeda pula. Gaya pemrograman ini biasa disebut paradigma pemrograman.
Apakah memprogram perangkat lunak lebih merupakan seni, ilmu, atau teknik telah lama diperdebatkan. Pemrogram yang baik biasanya mengkombinasikan tiga hal tersebut, agar dapat menciptakan program yang efisien, baik dari sisi waktu berjalan (running time), atau memori.

Perangkat lunak bebas

Perangkat lunak bebas (Inggris: free software) adalah istilah yang diciptakan oleh Richard Stallman dan Free Software Foundation [1] yang mengacu kepada perangkat lunak yang bebas untuk digunakan, dipelajari dan diubah serta dapat disalin dengan atau tanpa modifikasi, atau dengan beberapa keharusan untuk memastikan bahwa kebebasan yang sama tetap dapat dinikmati oleh pengguna-pengguna berikutnya. Bebas di sini juga berarti dalam menggunakan, mempelajari, mengubah, menyalin atau menjual sebuah perangkat lunak, seseorang tidak perlu meminta ijin dari siapa pun.
Untuk menjadikan sebuah perangkat lunak sebagai perangkat lunak bebas, perangkat lunak tersebut harus memiliki sebuah lisensi, atau berada dalam domain publik dan menyediakan akses ke kode sumbernya bagi setiap orang. Gerakan perangkat lunak bebas (free software movement) yang merintis perangkat lunak bebas berawal pada tahun 1983, bertujuan untuk memberikan kebebasan ini dapat dinikmati oleh setiap pengguna komputer.
Dengan konsep kebebasan ini, setiap orang bebas untuk menjual perangkat lunak bebas, menggunakannya secara komersial dan mengambil untung dari distribusi dan modifikasi kode sumbernya. Walaupun demikian setiap orang yang memiliki salinan dari sebuah perangkat lunak bebas dapat pula menyebarluaskan perangkat lunak bebas tersebut secara gratis. Model bisnis dari perangkat lunak bebas biasanya terletak pada nilai tambah seperti dukungan, pelatihan, kustomisasi, integrasi atau sertifikasi.
Perangkat lunak bebas (free software) jangan disalahartikan dengan perangkat lunak gratis (freeware) yaitu perangkat lunak yang digunakan secara gratis. Perangkat lunak gratis dapat berupa perangkat lunak bebas atau perangkat lunak tak bebas. Sejak akhir tahun 1990-an, beberapa alternatif istilah untuk perangkat lunak bebas digulirkan seperti "perangkat lunak sumber terbuka" (open-source software), "software libre", "FLOSS", dan "FOSS".
Dewasa ini umumnya perangkat lunak bebas tersedia secara gratis dan dibangun/dikembangkan oleh suatu paguyuban terbuka. Anggota-anggota paguyuban tersebut umumnya bersifat sukarela tetapi dapat juga merupakan karyawan suatu perusahaan yang memang dibayar untuk membantu pengembangan perangkat lunak tersebut.

Bahasa Pemrograman

Bahasa pemrograman yang berbeda mendukung gaya-gaya pemrograman yang berbeda (paradigma pemrograman. Pilihan bahasa pemrograman dipengaruhi oleh banyak alasan, seperti kecocokan dengan kriteria program yang akan dibuat.
Beberapa bahasa pemrograman adalah :
Pascal
Basic
C atau C++
Cobol
Java
Fortran
Ada

Pemrograman Kompetitif

Pemrograman adalah bahan yang banyak digunakan di berbagai kompetisi komputer di Indonesia maupun dunia. Di tingkat SMA, contohnya, pemrograman dipertandingkan dalam Olimpiade Sains Nasional setiap tahunnya. Ketigapuluh peraih medali di Olimpiade Sains Nasional ini kemudian menjadi Tim Olimpiade Komputer Indonesia, dan menempuh Pelatihan Nasional yang menyeleksi empat orang wakil untuk mengikuti Olimpiade Sains Internasional bidang Informasi (International Olympiad in Informatics) yang diadakan setiap tahunnya.